<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walters, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pauly, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christensen, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecospace: Prediction of mesoscale spatial patterns in trophic relationships of exploited ecosystems, with emphasis on the impacts of marine protected areas</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">By catch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catch/effort</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental impact</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fishing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">habitat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">marine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">measures and control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesoscale features</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MORTALITY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Q1 01604 Stock assessment and management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Q5 01522 Protective</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SELECTION</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trophic relationships</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICES C.M.1994/S:4</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Copenhagen (Denmark)</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecospace is a spatially explicit model for policy evaluation which allows considering the impact of marine protected arease (MPAs) in an ecosystem (i.e., trophic) context, and which relies on the Ecopath mass-balance approach for most of its parameterization. Additional inputs are movement rates, used to compute exchanges between grid cells, the settings (top- down vs. bottom up control) also required for Ecosim, the dynamic simulation routine derived from the system of linear equations in Ecopath, and habitat preferences for each of the functional groups included in the model. `Cascade' effects, wherein prey organism are low where predators are abundant, e.g. in areas onto which high fishing costs have been mapped, or in MPAs are discussed. It is then shown that the potential benefits of local effort reductions can be easily negated by high movement rates, and especially by the concentration of fishing effort at the edge of the MPAs, where cascade effects generate prey gradients which attract predators out of the protected areas. Despite various limitations (e.g., no explicit consideration of seasonal changes or directed migration), the outward simplicity of Ecospace, and the information-rich graphs it generates, coupled with the increasingly global availability of the required Ecopath files, should ensure a wide use for this approach. This will be of use for both generating hypotheses about ecosystem function and for evaluating policy choices.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4644064</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Counc. for the Exploration of the Sea Copenhagen (Denmark) Theme Sess. on Visualisation of Spatial DataConference Counc. Meet. of the Int. Counc. for the Exploration of the Sea, Cascais (Portugal), 16-19 Sep 1998ICES, Copenhagen (Denmark), 1998, 20 ppIces-cm-1998/s:4EnglishBook Monograph; Conference</style></notes><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of B.C., Fisheries Centre Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada; E-mail: walters@fisheries.com</style></auth-address></record></records></xml>